Bitter cold complicates Ukraine's drone defense

KIEV

Earlier this winter, Ali's unit was flying an interceptor drone in subzero temperatures on the front when the camera suddenly froze, sabotaging their mission to detect and thwart an incoming Russian attack.

Temperatures across the 1,200-kilometer front line have plunged to their lowest of the entire four-year Russia-Ukraine war, complicating the use of battery-powered drones, central to both sides' military tactics.

"The impact on our drones is completely negative," said Ali, who asked AFP to identify him by his call sign, in line with military protocol.

"Batteries lose charge faster, the cameras and wires freeze, they just ice up."

Both Russia's and Ukraine's army have come to use cheap drones ubiquitously.

Small reconnaissance craft scope out enemy positions and can drop grenades on targets and soldiers, detecting even the smallest movement on the ground below, while others are packed with explosives and designed to slam into vehicles and buildings.

Some drones are now connected to their operators with an extremely thin fiber-optic cable, ensuring the connection to the pilot remains stable and immune to electronic jamming.

Interceptor drones, like the kind Ali's unit was flying, are used for defense, a kind of drone-on-drone aerial warfare to hobble incoming attacks.

But as temperatures have hit minus 20 degrees Celsius on the front, both the equipment and men operating the devices freeze up.

Near the southern front, pilots from the 18th brigade were getting ready to launch their interceptor drones.

The light polystyrene craft resembles a toy plane.

"Frost, low cloud, fog. In such weather, it is difficult for a drone to fly. It can short-circuit, it can break in the air," said Nazariy, one of the brigade's squad commanders.

Old-school solutions are sometimes required to help the high-tech devices stay airborne.

While the winter poses a technical challenge, in other respects it makes drones an even more potent threat.

When the skies clear, the white layer of snow can quickly turn into a death trap for any troops trying to traverse it.

"It's very easy to see where someone walked or drove because tracks stand out sharply in the snow," said Lafayette, a pilot with the Achilles brigade.

Some drones are also equipped with thermal cameras, which makes the heat they pick-up from human bodies much more visible in winter.

Amid the cold snap, Russia has upped its long-range attacks on Ukraine's energy sites, cutting off electricity and heating for hundreds of thousands of civilians across the country and triggering a major energy crisis.

At the front, Ukrainian forces are also struggling from the cold.

"Infantry that comes out is literally destroyed because they have nowhere to hide," said Koleso, a 31-year-old infantryman.

In the frost, wounds quickly turn deadly, as hypothermia weakens the body's ability to cope with trauma.

Despite these risks, Nazariy said there was no way but to keep fighting and ensure Kiev's drones stay in the air.

"We are at war. We work in any weather."